Well –
there is a clear reason and correlation and it has a lot to do with the work
and time we spend with our animal friends. Let me
enlighten you with my thoughts behind the title.
Quite often
when discussion turns into modern animal training principles I do refer and compare
those with the ways we are and could use when raising kids. Some people get offended if we do comparison between
children and animals but in principle we all are under the same behavior modification
rules as our animal companions, this is not to diminish in any way the value
and respect of children. Of course human
mind & emotions etc. are a lot more complex in wholeness in comparison to
animal mind. Small kids react differently than a bit more grown up children or
adults, our reactions are probably a bit more sophisticated to the ones with animals but
still underneath, we all are governed with same basic principles.
An example
I’ve used several times is frustration
- and the very primitive reactions we all do because of it. Many times one of the
reasons for frustration is that we don’t get what we want or actually, we don’t
get what we are used to getting in a similar situation, for some reason there is no reinforcement
available after the event.
Let’s
imagine you’re getting into your room at work and for some reason the door is
jammed. The first thing you do to get to the room is – try harder, use your
keys or eventually get some help from someone else.
This
modification of your behavior is due to frustration – because you cannot get in
to your room. So to receive the reinforcement you are usually getting (entering
the room) you do something more vigorous. Your behavior has changed and maybe it is even a bit twisted - the environment or the changes in the environment has
made you behave on a different way. This process of trying harder to get the
reinforcement we are used to getting is called extinction burst. It happens for a while before we give up.
The Cookie jar
A cookie jar;
for many it is the embodiment of promise or anticipation of some sweet and delicious
delicacy.
This is in
a way how we in principle work with animals under our care. Of course all this
is due to repetition. Repetition comes into its greatest value through the
number one principle in animal training;
The behavior is determined by its
consequences.
Combine
this principle with some chocolate brownies – and you can get most of humankind
working with you in a very positive and rewarding manner.
Behavior of
getting the cookies from the jar is utterly reinforcing, unless you are
allergic to chocolate or other ingredients in the cookies.
Scene 1
Let’s
consider that these cookies are very pleasing to the person getting them.
Imagine that the jar of these cookies is in a certain well known place, like in
a higher shelf in your kitchen.
By the way;
Weather you know it or not. All, even the most hidden & secret hiding
places you can think of for this kind of delicacy is most likely well-known by
your kids, if you’ve been blessed with them.
So the
occurrence of having your child to go to the cookie jar is relatively high,
especially in the case that she or he has been successful in getting into the
jar and having one or two cookies from it.
So – if the
consequence has been very positive it is reinforcing the behavior to occur more
often and the child is reaching for the grand prize more often – even if they
don’t have a permission to get one.
…maybe
you’re gradually getting the correlation between the cookie jar and animal
training?
The
previously mentioned chain of behavior and consequence is called positive reinforcement. If something good
happens after the behavior the behavior has a tendency to increase. Nowadays
the expression is that if something positive is added in the environment the
behavior is likely to occur more often.
Scene 2
What
happens if you are home and you see the little hand reaching for the grand prize
from that jar?
A parent
could grab the hand and say no – or just say no. In the ideal world the
behavior of reaching to the jar should stop in this kind of situation. Eventually
the parent will only have to say no, or just be present in the room / environment - and the child will stop reaching for
chocolate brownies from the jar. Through repetition the child will learn that
it is not beneficial for her or him to go for the cookies.
At this
scenario we are having a negative stimulus, or by behavior modification vocabulary;
an aversive stimuli, present in the environment. Something not so pleasant
happens if this behavior has the possibility to take place. A negative element
has been added in the environment to stop the unwanted behavior – in this case
it is the parent who is denying the child to proceed.
So – if we
break it into operant conditioning terminology; the following forces effect on
behaviors present in the situation.
The fact
that this child in the situation is not even going to reach for the cookies
from the jar is positively punished.
This means that an incorrect type of behavior (not stealing the cookies) is
punished by having or adding in the environment an aversive stimulus –
something unpleasant; the denying parent.
Scene 3
But … What
happens if this parent goes to another room or out in the garden to do some
other responsibilities.. or even further, to a grocery and the child is left
alone in the room with the cookie jar.
The child
can be obedient and just keep on playing with hers or his toys. In any case
what happens is that the negative force, the aversive stimulus, has now been
removed from the environment.
With the
scheme we are now playing with we would anticipate that the child would go to
the jar and reach for her / his grand prize; a tasty chocolate brownie. In this
case the behavior of getting the brownie is still very much positively
reinforced but planning and going to the cookie jar is actually negatively reinforced; as the negative
element (the parent) which previously stopped the behavior to occur has been
removed from the environment.
It is important
to understand the geometrics of the operant conditioning theory, even though we
would only focus our way of managing the behaviors of our animal friend by the
emphasis on positive reinforcements and rewards.
Scene 4
There are
still two other ways to solve this problem behavior of stealing the brownies
without parents’ permission. An easy solution could be that while the parent
leaves the room he or she would take the cookie jar with him/her. This leaves
an empty space on the place where the jar used to be. So there is no need to go
and try to get any of them if they just aren’t there anymore.
Now we are
talking about negative punishment. This
means that we have taken away the original trigger from the environment (the
cookie jar) which caused this stealing behavior in the first place. So we have
removed something pleasant from the environment and therefore there is no way
for the child to get to the jar anymore for a brownie.
By the way
when we are talking about punishment in behavior modification, we should
rethink our way of understanding the concept of punishment. In animal behavior
management the punishment is always affecting the behavior never the individual
animal. This is very important as we don’t want to hurt animals in any way!
Scene 5
One could
think that we have already all the possibilities available for making the
scheme work on a way we (as parents) would like it to work. However, there is
still one more option – only that wouldn’t bring us the solution that fast as
the one’s mentioned earlier. This actually has something to do with the topic mentioned
at the very beginning of this blog text; frustration.
It is not
really frustration that we can use but similar situation which may cause a bit
of frustration. What if the parent would exit the house and just leave the cookie
jar all by itself in the shelf only this time it would be utterly and completely
empty?
The mere
existence of the jar in the shelf would most likely agitate children to go to
the jar in the hope of some delicacy. Only to find out that there is none left.
What would
happen next? - A bit of frustration maybe and sooner or later another try. “What
if, despite of finding it already once or twice empty, for some reason the jar
would have magically filled with some brownies?” – This is totally irrational
thought but something of a kind happens in real life.
Before
giving up we or the animals would make a few trials just because in the past it
has worked and given a very positive experience and reinforcement for the
behavior to increase. This phase will not last long and quite soon it and the
whole behavior shall gradually fade out. There is no reason to go back to the
empty jar! It is a phenomena that can be seen relatively often in training
situations and as we all now know it is called extinction burst. If you are
skilled it is also an excellent tool in training you animals.
Eventually
the jar is not any more interesting as it has lost its value as a source of
brownies. The behavior gradually fade away, in other words the behavior is
extinct. The process is called extinction which describes extremely well the
whole chain of events in it.
So, cookie jar
is THE aid-memoire for me as it has all the elements of reinforcement and
punishment in it.
So, have a cookie and enjoy it...
So, have a cookie and enjoy it...
By the way ... did you
know that today, the 8.12, is the national Chocolate Brownie day in USA? In Finland,
where I come from, it would be most likely called the mokkapalapäivä.
Happy chocolate
brownie day – where ever you are !
..I may also bake
some pieces of mokkapala for me as well J
-Kai-
www.meritime.net
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